(a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. a - a mole that looks cancerous. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. Causes. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. Has something like this ever happened to you? However, the success rate of such treatments is questionable. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. . Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. c. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Bank Of America Account Number Leading Zeros, Spitzer Holding Company, Articles T